The discovery of a Homo erectus skull in 2005, known as Skull 5, marked a significant archaeological find. Among the five skulls found, estimated to be approximately 1.8 million years old, Skull 5 stands out as the most complete hominin skull ever uncovered. Remarkably, it had remained hidden within a cave for nearly two million years before its discovery.

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Works Cited

  • Carne, Nick. “Homo Erectus Keeps Getting Older.” Cosmos, 1 May 2020, cosmosmagazine.com/history/homo-erectus-keeps-getting-older.

  • Castro, Joseph. “Homo Erectus: Facts About the ‘Upright Man.’” livescience.com, 23 June 2015, www.livescience.com/41048-facts-about-homo-erectus.html.

  • Choi, Charles Q. “Were Earliest Humans All 1 Species? Oddball Skull Sparks Debate.” livescience.com, 17 Oct. 2013, www.livescience.com/40505-earliest-humans-one-species.html.

  • —. “Were Earliest Humans All 1 Species? Oddball Skull Sparks Debate.” livescience.com, 17 Oct. 2013, www.livescience.com/40505-earliest-humans-one-species.html.

  • Discoveries at Lake Turkana. education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/discoveries-lake-turkana.

  • Everett, Daniel. “Tools and Voyages Suggest That Homo Erectus Invented Language | Aeon Essays.” Aeon, 8 Apr. 2021, aeon.co/essays/tools-and-voyages-suggest-that-homo-erectus-invented-language.

  • Evolution: Humans: Origins of Humankind. www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/k.html.

  • Geggel, Laura. “540,000-Year-Old Shell Carvings May Be Human Ancestor’s Oldest Art.” livescience.com, 3 Dec. 2014, www.livescience.com/48991-homo-erectus-shell-tools.html.

  • —. “540,000-Year-Old Shell Carvings May Be Human Ancestor’s Oldest Art.” livescience.com, 3 Dec. 2014, www.livescience.com/48991-homo-erectus-shell-tools.html.

  • Herries, Andy I. R. “Fossil Find Suggests _Homo Erectus_ Emerged 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/fossil-find-suggests-homo-erectus-emerged-200-000-years-earlier-than-thought-135068.

  • “Homo Erectus.” The Australian Museum, australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-erectus.

  • “—.” The Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins Program, 30 June 2022, humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus.

  • “Homo Erectus, Our Ancient Ancestor.” Natural History Museum, www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/homo-erectus-our-ancient-ancestor.html.

  • Lordkipanidze, David, et al. “A Complete Skull From Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo.” Science, vol. 342, no. 6156, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Oct. 2013, pp. 326–31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238484.

  • Sample, Ian. “Skull of Homo Erectus Throws Story of Human Evolution Into Disarray.” The Guardian, 14 Feb. 2018, www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/17/skull-homo-erectus-human-evolution.

  • Ungar, Peter S., and Matt Sponheimer. “The Diets of Early Hominins.” Science, vol. 334, no. 6053, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Oct. 2011, pp. 190–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1207701.

  • Welsh, Jennifer. “Man Entered the Kitchen 1.9 Million Years Ago.” livescience.com, 22 Aug. 2011, www.livescience.com/15688-man-cooking-homo-erectus.html.

  • Wikipedia contributors. “Dmanisi Skull 5.” Wikipedia, 12 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmanisi_skull_5.

  • euronews. “Dmanisi Skull Finds Bring Human Family Together.” YouTube, 18 Oct. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=560hiKxz-eg.

  • melissasuzanneh. “Blow to Multiple Human Species Idea.” YouTube, 19 Dec. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4JJjtdB_KY.

  • CNN. “CNN: Will Georgia Dig Rewrite History?” YouTube, 28 June 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvdkwjfRR3c.

  • Adam Van Arsdale. “14 5 Dmanisi, Georgia.” YouTube, 15 Jan. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_9JgVVN9Vo.

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